If you were around in the U.S. during the '70s and '80s and had a certain appetite for the darker side of cinema, you might have found yourself slipping into a dilapidated theater in some questionable part of town. There, nestled in a worn-out seat, you'd witness violent, provocative, and unabashedly sleazy B-movies.
But, hey… we all have some morbid fascinations, and we attend to those occasionally. Let’s learn more about grindhouse movies together.
What Are Grindhouse Movies?
Grindhouse movies, also known as action house movies, were a specific type of low-budget soft-pornographic movies that were excessively violent, vulgar, exploitative, and bizarre, and were screened in run-down theatres in the U.S.
These movies were influenced by various genres, such as horror, splatter, action, martial arts, spaghetti western, and even controversial genres such as sexploitation and blaxploitation.
Known for their audacious themes, graphic sense of gore, nudity, sex, and violence, grindhouse movies offered a cheaper alternative to mainstream Hollywood.
They even had a different business model from the mainstream Hollywood movies. While the mainstream (quite a few of them studio-owned) movie theatres benefited from fewer showings per day, gradual ticket hikes, and specific seat pricing, the grindhouse theatres would show two or sometimes even three movies back-to-back in a single screening session for the price of one ticket.
The Rise of Grindhouse Movies
Burlesque Influence
The emergence of grindhouse cinema can be traced back to the burlesque shows of the 1920s, which captivated audiences with risqué performances, raucous humor, and sensational acts designed to both shock and entertain.
These underground venues flourished by pushing boundaries, offering a more provocative alternative to mainstream entertainment. The popularity of exotic dancers and striptease artists, such as Mata Hari and Josephine Baker, contributed to more spirited experimentation to push racy and raunchy entertainment to another level.
As burlesque evolved, many of these venues—often situated in urban red-light districts— transitioned into low-budget movie houses, screening cheap lurid films that mirrored the sensationalism of their stage predecessors.
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison and William Dickson invented the kinetograph, an early motion picture camera, and pioneered the American film industry. But did you know Edison could also be credited with his contribution to grindhouse cinema?
The Edison Manufacturing Company produced some of the earliest controversial films in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which featured content considered provocative at the time, such as The Kiss (1896). This film showed a brief kiss that scandalized some viewers.
One early kinetoscope, Electrocuting an Elephant (1903), showed the real execution of Topsy, an elephant, as part of a public demonstration. The film was graphic, morbid, and exploitative, foreshadowing the shock value that would later define the grindhouse era.
Edison’s approach to filmmaking and distribution also laid the groundwork for the grindhouse business model. The company prioritized short and sensational films that could be cheaply made and widely distributed.
The ‘60s and the ‘70s
By the ‘60s and ‘70s, grindhouse movies became synonymous with exploitative cinema, showcasing films filled with sex, violence, and taboo-breaking themes. Underlining the audience’s fascination with morbidity to draw in crowds, grindhouse movies, too, thrived on excess, luring audiences with over-the-top action, gore, and transgressive storytelling.
The decline of traditional burlesque due to censorship and changing tastes left a void that grindhouse cinema stepped in to fill. It transformed the once notorious theaters into vibrant hubs for the most outrageous and low-budget films of the era.
Let’s see what it was that gave these movies their specific flavor.
The Hallmarks of Grindhouse Movies
Grindhouse movies are defined by their unique traits that set them apart from mainstream cinema.
1. Ultra-Low Budget Productions:
These movies were made on shoestring budgets, often with minimum resources. Filmmakers relied on unconventional filmmaking techniques to compensate for the low production costs.
2. Exploitative Themes:
The central pillar of their production was pushing boundaries when it came to showing sensationalist content—the kind of content that mainstream filmmakers would avoid. This included graphic violence, nudity and sex, controversial plotlines, and anything that contributed to the film’s shock value.
3. Genre Blending:
Grindhouse movies frequently mixed different genres in wild and unexpected ways. Action might suddenly blend with dark comedy, or horror might blend with sci-fi. This genre-blending created an unpredictable viewing experience.
4. DIY Aesthetic:
The production quality was deliberately rough and unrefined. Grainy film stock, visible editing mistakes, amateurish acting, and crude special effects were not just tolerated but became defining traits of the grindhouse genre.
5. Over-the-Top Violence and Gore:
Blood-soaked action scenes and exaggerated death sequences were the famous staples of grindhouse movies. Some movies, such as I Spit on Your Grave (1978) and Cannibal Holocaust (1980), pushed violence to extreme levels.
6. Campy Excessive Acting:
Another defining trait of these movies was the actors who hammed it up. Their amateurish acting ranged from theatrical to outright cold and steely. The dialogue was often cheesy and overdramatic.
7. Gritty, Urban, Sleazy Setting:
Grindhouse movies typically set their narratives in disreputable city streets, abandoned warehouses, or lawless wastelands. They often depict crime-ridden strip clubs, back alleys, or corrupt institutions.
8. Use of Stock Footage:
Due to their low budgets, the filmmakers often resorted to repurposing stock footage from other movies to save money, which contributed to their distinctive, patchwork aesthetic.
9. Diverse Cultural Representation:
Unlike mainstream cinema of their era, grindhouse movies often featured diverse casts and explored stories from marginalized perspectives. It gave voice to narratives that were typically ignored by Hollywood.
10. Provocative Marketing:
Promotional material for these films was as outrageous as the movies themselves. Lurid poster art, sensationalist taglines, and aggressive marketing techniques were designed to draw audiences with promises of shocking and boundary-pushing content.
11. Quick Production Cycles:
Grindhouse movies were typically produced rapidly to capitalize on current trends and controversy. This fast turnaround meant these movies could quickly respond to social movements, cultural shifts, or emerging genres.
The Fall of Grindhouse Movies
The late ‘70s and early ‘80s saw shifts in the film industry, and the audience's taste began to change. In addition, technological advancements, such as home video, made it possible for viewers to watch the same gritty and dark movies in the comfort of their houses instead of in shady neighborhoods and ramshackle theatres.
As video rentals grew in popularity, grindhouse theatres began to shut down.
At the same time, mainstream Hollywood movies started to incorporate grindhouse-style elements, such as heavy violence and anti-heroes, into big-budget films, making these themes more mainstream.
Movies such as Mad Max (1979) and The Terminator (1984) captured the raw energy of exploitation cinema but with higher production quality, further reducing the appeal of traditional grindhouse movies.
Urban renewal and gentrification also played a role as cities like New York cleaned up areas like 42nd Street, once a hotspot for grindhouse movies. Crackdowns on crime and adult entertainment made it harder for these theatres to survive, while the rise of multiplex cinemas pushed smaller, independent venues out of business.
By the mid-to-late ‘80s, the grindhouse era had mostly ended. However, its legacy endured through cult followings, midnight movie screenings, and the works of filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez, who revived the style in the 2000s.
Today, while traditional grindhouse theatres are a thing of the past, their rebellious spirit lives on in modern indie horror, exploitation tributes, and underground cinema.
To sum up…
Grindhouse movies stand as a defiant testament to the untamed spirit of independent filmmaking. Emerging from the dingy theatres of mid-20th-century cinema, these movies were never about perfection. They were about pure, unfiltered passion.
The true magic of grindhouse movies lies not in their technical sophistication but in their unbridled audacity. These movies refused to be constrained by Hollywood’s sanitized storytelling and instead challenged its norms, gave voice to marginalized stories, and transformed budgetary limitations into a radical aesthetic of their own.
Today, the DNA of grindhouse cinema pulses through modern filmmaking. Directors like Tarantino and Rodriguez have elevated the genre’s raw energy into mainstream consciousness.
Michael Haneke provided a sober anchor during the Screenwriter Roundtable video we featured last week, making no apologies for creating a film that The Hollywood Reporter executive editor Stephen Galloway said shattered his screening guest who had recently experienced a loss similar to that depicted in the writer/director's Cannes 2012 Palme d'Or winner Amour. Now that Amour
